Our results indicate that many of the globally observed impacts on wildlife attributed to anthropogenic activity may be explained by fear of humans.Įcology of fear human impacts landscape of fear large-scale field manipulation playback experiment. While humans are no longer apex predators, there are now parasite predators that prey on children and drain their innocence. However, apex predators are not always safe. This helps prey animals to evolve, much like the saying only the strong survive. They are vital in keeping the ecosystem healthy by preying on the weak and allowing only the strong to survive. Thus, just the sound of a predator can have landscape-scale effects at multiple trophic levels. An Apex Predator is a predator that is at the top of the food chain and actively hunts other animals. Small mammals evidently benefited, increasing habitat use and foraging. The authors also assert that humans, therefore, are not apex predators nor at the top of the food chain, being more comparable to low FTL omnivores. Large carnivores avoided human voices and moved more cautiously when hearing humans, while medium-sized carnivores became more elusive and reduced foraging. We conducted a landscape-scale playback experiment demonstrating that the sound of humans speaking generates a landscape of fear with pervasive effects across wildlife communities. As Darwin discovered, the adaptation of species to obtaining and digesting their food is the main source of evolutionary changes, and thus the claim that humans were apex predators throughout most of their development may provide a broad basis for fundamental insights on the biological and cultural evolution of humans. This demonstrates a serious need for humans to reduce. Humans have supplanted large carnivores as apex predators in many systems, and similarly pervasive impacts may now result from fear of the human 'super predator'. Overall, it is shown that the loss of top predators has a number of detrimental impacts on ecosystems including the reduction of biodiversity, decreased nutrient cycling and hence lesser soil fertility, and potentially the collapse of ecosystems entirely due to the lack of top-down control. And considering the things that humans hunt and eat, going down that rabbit hole eventually leaves us with no apex predators at all. Regardless of whether or not other predators could kill and eat us, they do not we are not in their food chain. Apex predators such as large carnivores can have cascading, landscape-scale impacts across wildlife communities, which could result largely from the fear they inspire, although this has yet to be experimentally demonstrated. Humans are tertiary consumers, with no natural predators.
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